Terrestrial Biosphere Modelling (TBM)

Müller, W. A.; Früh, B.; Korn, P.; Potthast, R.; Baehr, J.; Bettems, J.-M.; Bölöni, G.; Brienen, S.; Fröhlich, K.; Helmert, J. et al.; Jungclaus, J.; Köhler, M.; Lorenz, S.; Schneidereit, A.; Schnur, R.; Schulz, J.-P.; Schlemmer, L.; Sgoff, C.; Pham, T. V.; Pohlmann, H.; Vogel, B.; Vogel, H.; Wirth, R.; Zaehle, S.; Zängl, G.; Stevens, B.; Marotzke, J.: ICON: Toward vertically integrated model configurations for numerical weather prediction, climate predictions, and projections. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 106 (6), pp. E1017 - E1031 (2025)

Xiao, C.; Zaehle, S.; Sitch, S.; Duveiller, G.; Pabon-Moreno, D. E.; Walker, A. P.; Knauer, J.; Maignan, F.; Schmullius, C.; Bastos, A.: Deforestation increases vegetation vulnerability to drought across biomes. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 39 (5), e2024GB008378 (2025)

Thum, T.; Miinalainen, T.; Seppälä, O.; Croft, H.; Rogers, C.; Staebler, R.; Caldararu, S.; Zaehle, S.: Modelling decadal trends and the impact of extreme events on carbon fluxes in a temperate deciduous forest using a terrestrial biosphere model. Biogeosciences 22 (7), pp. 1781 - 1807 (2025)

Knorr, W.; Williams, M.; Thum, T.; Kaminski, T.; Voßbeck, M.; Scholze, M.; Quaife, T.; Smallmann, L.; Steele-Dunne, S.; Vreugdenhil, M. et al.; Green, T.; Zaehle, S.; Aurela, M.; Bouvet, A.; Bueechi, E.; Dorigo, W.; El-Madany, T. S.; Migliavacca, M.; Honkanen, M.; Kerr, Y.; Kontu, A.; Lemmetyinen, J.; Lindqvist, H.; Mialon, A.; Miinalainen, T.; Pique, G.; Ojasalo, A.; Quegan, S.; Rayner, P.; Reyes-Muñoz, P.; Rodríguez-Fernández, N.; Schwank, M.; Verrelst, J.; Zhu, S.; Schüttemeyer, D.; Drusch, M.: A comprehensive land-surface vegetation model for multi-stream data assimilation, D&B v1.0. Geoscientific Model Development 18 (7), pp. 2137 - 2159 (2025)

Tang, G.; Nicholls, Z.; Norton, A.; Zaehle, S.; Meinshausen, M.: Synthesizing global carbon–nitrogen coupling effects – the MAGICC coupled carbon–nitrogen cycle model v1.0. Geoscientific Model Development 18 (7), pp. 2193 - 2230 (2025)

Tang, G.; Nicholls, Z.; Jones, C.; Gasser, T.; Norton, A.; Ziehn, T.; Romero-Prieto, A.; Meinshausen, M.: Investigating carbon and nitrogen conservation in reported CMIP6 Earth system model data. Geoscientific Model Development 18 (7), pp. 2111 - 2136 (2025)

Kou-Giesbrecht, S.; Arora, V. K.; Jones, C. D.; Brovkin, V.; Hajima, T.; Kawamiya, M.; Liddicoat, S. K.; Winkler, A.; Zaehle, S.: Rising nitrogen deposition leads to only a minor increase in CO₂ uptake in Earth system models. Communications Earth & Environment 6, 216 (2025)

Friedlingstein, P.; O'Sullivan, M.; Jones, M. W.; Andrew, R. M.; Hauck, J.; Landschützer, P.; Le Quéré, C.; Li, H.; Luijkx, I. T.; Olsen, A. et al.; Peters, G. P.; Peters, W.; Pongratz, J.; Schwingshackl, C.; Sitch, S.; Canadell, J. G.; Ciais, P.; Jackson, R. B.; Alin, S. R.; Arneth, A.; Arora, V.; Bates, N. R.; Becker, M.; Bellouin, N.; Berghoff, C. F.; Bittig, H. C.; Bopp, L.; Cadule, P.; Campbell, K.; Chamberlain, M. A.; Chandra, N.; Chevallier, F.; Chini, L. P.; Colligan, T.; Decayeux, J.; Djeutchouang, L. M.; Dou, X.; Rojas, C. D.; Enyo, K.; Evans, W.; Fay, A. R.; Feely, R. A.; Ford, D. J.; Foster, A.; Gasser, T.; Gehlen, M.; Gkritzalis, T.; Grassi, G.; Gregor, L.; Gruber, N.; Gürses, Ö.; Harris, I.; Hefner, M.; Heinke, J.; Hurtt, G. C.; Iida, Y.; Ilyina, T.; Jacobson, A. R.; Jain, A. K.; Jarníková, T.; Jersild, A.; Jiang, F.; Jin, Z.; Kato, E.; Keeling, R. F.; Goldewijk, K. K.; Knauer, J.; Korsbakken, J. I.; Lan, X.; Lauvset, S. K.; Lefèvre, N.; Liu, Z.; Liu, J.; Ma, L.; Maksyutov, S.; Marland, G.; Mayot, N.; McGuire, P. C.; Metzl, N.; Monacci, N. M.; Morgan, E. J.; Nakaoka, S.-I.; Neill, C.; Niwa, Y.; Nützel, T.; Olivier, L.; Ono, T.; Palmer, P. I.; Pierrot, D.; Qin, Z.; Resplandy, L.; Roobaert, A.; Rosan, T. M.; Rödenbeck, C.; Schwinger, J.; Smallman, T. L.; Smith, S. M.; Sospedra-Alfonso, R.; Steinhoff, T.; Sun, Q.; Sutton, A. J.; Séférian, R.; Takao, S.; Tatebe, H.; Tian, H.; Tilbrook, B.; Torres, O.; Tourigny, E.; Tsujino, H.; Tubiello, F.; van der Werf, G.; Wanninkhof, R.; Wang, X.; Yang, D.; Yang, X.; Yu, Z.; Yuan, W.; Yue, X.; Zaehle, S.; Zeng, N.; Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024. Earth System Science Data 17 (3), pp. 965 - 1039 (2025)

Valverde-Barrantes, O. J.; Lugli, L. F.; Fuchslueger, L.; Hofhansl, F.; Martins, N.; Cordeiro, A. L.; Schapp, K.; Anderson, K. M.; Garcia, S.; Grandis, A. et al.; Miron, C. A.; Fleischer, K.; Hoosbeek, M. R.; Hartley, I. P.; Mendoza, E. O.; Lapola, D.; Quesada, C. A.: Rainfall seasonality shapes belowground root trait dynamics in an Amazonian tropical rainforest: A test of the stress-dominance hypothesis. Functional Ecology 39 (3), pp. 799 - 812 (2025)

Forkel, M.; Wessollek, C.; Huijnen, V.; Andela, N.; de Laat, A.; Kinalczyk, D.; Marrs, C.; van Wees, D.; Bastos, A.; Ciais, P. et al.; Fawcett, D.; Kaiser, J. W.; Klauberg, C.; Kutchartt, E.; Leite, R.; Li, W.; Silva, C.; Sitch, S.; Souza, J. G. D.; Zaehle, S.; Plummer, S.: Burning of woody debris dominates fire emissions in the Amazon and Cerrado. Nature Geoscience 18, pp. 140 - 147 (2025)

Pan, N.; Tian, H.; Shi, H.; Pan, S.; Canadell, J. G.; Chang, J.; Ciais, P.; Davidson, E. A.; Hugelius, G.; Ito, A. et al.; Jackson, R. B.; Joos, F.; Lienert, S.; Millet, D. B.; Olin, S.; Patra, P. K.; Thompson, R. L.; Vuichard, N.; Wells, K. C.; Wilson, C.; You, Y.; Zaehle, S.: Climate change rivals fertilizer use in driving soil nitrous oxide emissions in the northern high latitudes: Insights from terrestrial biosphere models. Environment International 196, 109297 (2025)

Ravi, A.; Pillai, D.; Gerbig, C.; Sitch, S.; Zaehle, S.; Thilakan, V.; Jha, C. S.; Mathew, T. A.: Using satellite-based sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and spectral reflectance for improving terrestrial CO₂ flux estimates of India. Environmental Research: Ecology 4 (1), 015004 (2025)

Aalto, T.; Tsuruta, A.; Mäkelä, J.; Mueller, J.; Tenkanen, M.; Burke, E.; Chadburn, S.; Gao, Y.; Mannisenaho, V.; Kleinen, T. et al.; Lee, H.; Leppänen, A.; Markkanen, T.; Materia, S.; Miller, P.; Peano, D.; Peltola, O.; Poulter, B.; Raivonen, M.; Saunois, M.; Wårlind, D.; Zaehle, S.: Air temperature and precipitation constraining the modelled wetland methane emissions in a boreal region in northern Europe. Biogeosciences 22 (1), pp. 323 - 340 (2025)

Joos, F.; Lienert, S.; Zaehle, S.: No increase is detected and modeled for the seasonal cycle amplitude of delta¹³C of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Biogeosciences 22 (1), pp. 19 - 39 (2025)

Tang, G.; Zaehle, S.; Nicholls, Z. R. J.; Norton, A.; Ziehn, T.; Meinshausen, M. A.: Understanding the drivers of carbon-nitrogen cycle variability in CMIP6 ESMs with MAGICC CNit v2.0: Model and calibration updates. ESS Open Archive (2025)

Gong, C.; Wang, Y.; Tian, H.; Kou-Giesbrecht, S.; Vuichard, N.; Zaehle, S.: Uncertainties in fertilizer-induced emissions of soil nitrogen oxide and the associated impacts on ground-level ozone and methane. EGUsphere (2025)

Sierra, C.; Chanca, I.; Andreae, M.; de Araújo, A. C.; van Asperen, H.; Borchardt, L.; Botia, S.; Candido, L. A.; Correa, C. S. C.; Dias-Junior, C. Q. et al.; Eritt, M.; Fröhlich, A.; Gatti, L. V.; Guderle, M.; Hammer, S.; Heimann, M.; Horna, V.; Jordan, A.; Knabe, S.; Kneißl, R.; Lavrič, J. V.; Levin, I.; Macario, K.; Menger, J.; Moossen, H.; Quesada, C. A.; Rothe, M.; Rödenbeck, C.; Santos, Y.; Steinhof, A.; Takeshi, B.; Trumbore, S. E.; Zaehle, S.: The flask monitoring program for high-precision atmospheric measurements of greenhouse gases, stable isotopes, and radiocarbon in the central Amazon region. Earth System Science Data Discussions (2025)

Botia, S.; Dias-Junior, C. Q.; Komiya, S.; van der Woude, A.; Terristi, M.; de Kok, R.; Koren, G.; van Asperen, H.; Jones, S. P.; D'Oliveira, F. A. F. et al.; Weber, U.; Marques-Filho, E.; Toro, I. M. C.; Araújo, A.; Lavric, J.; Walter, D.; Li, X.; Wigneron, J.-P.; Stocker, B.; de Souza, J. G.; O'Sullivan, M.; Sitch, S.; Ciais, P.; Chevallier, F.; Li, W.; Luijkx, I. T.; Peters, W.; Quesada, C. A.; Zaehle, S.; Trumbore, S. E.; Bastos, A.: Reduced vegetation uptake during the extreme 2023 drought turns the Amazon into a weak carbon source. ESS Open Archive (2025)

Peano, D.; Hemming, D.; Delire, C.; Fan, Y.; Lee, H.; Materia, S.; Nabel, J. E. M. ..; Park, T.; Wårlind, D.; Wiltshire, A. et al.; Zaehle, S.: Plant phenology evaluation of CRESCENDO land surface models. Part II: Trough, peak, and amplitude of growing season. EGUsphere (2025)

Triches, N. Y.; Engel, J.; Bolek, A.; Vesala, T.; Marushchak, M. E.; Virkkala, A.-M.; Heimann, M.; Göckede, M.: Advancing N₂O flux chamber measurement techniques in nutrient-poor ecosystems. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions (2025)